Why Does Salt Melt Ice Understanding How It Works

You know that you can sprinkle salt on an icy road or sidewalk to help keep it from becoming icy, but do you know how salt melts ice? Take a look at freezing point depression to understand how it works. Key Takeaways: Why Salt Melts Ice Salt melts ice and help prevent re-freezing by lowering the freezing point of water. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression.The working temperature range isnt the same for all types of salt. For example, calcium chloride lowers the freezing point more than sodium chloride.In addition to melting ice, freezing point depression can be used to make ice cream without a freezer. Salt, Ice, and Freezing Point Depression Salt melts ice essentially because adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water. How does this melt ice? Well, it doesnt, unless there is a little water available with the ice. The good news is  you dont need a pool of water to achieve the effect. Ice typically is coated with a thin film of liquid water, which is all it takes. Pure water freezes at 32 °F (0 °C). Water with salt (or any other substance in it) will freeze at some lower temperature. Just how low this temperature will be depends on the de-icing agent. If you put salt on ice in a situation where the temperature will never get up to the new freezing point of the salt-water solution, you wont see any benefit. For example, tossing table salt (sodium chloride) onto ice when its 0 °F wont do anything more than coat the ice with a layer of salt. On the other hand, if you put the same salt on ice at 15 °F, the salt will be able to prevent melting ice from re-freezing. Magnesium chloride works down to 5 °F while calcium chloride works down to -20 °F. If the temperature gets down to where the salt water can freeze, energy will be released when bonds form as the liquid becomes a solid. This energy may be enough to melt a small amount of the pure ice, keeping the process going. Use Salt to Melt Ice  (Activity)   You can demonstrate the effect of freezing point depression yourself, even if you dont have an icy sidewalk handy. One way is to make your own ice cream in a baggie, where adding salt to water produces a mixture so cold it can freeze your treat. If you just want to see an example of how cold ice plus salt can get, mix 33 ounces of ordinary table salt with 100 ounces of crushed ice or snow. Be careful! The mixture will be about -6 °F (-21 °C), which is cold enough to give you frostbite if you hold it too long. Table salt dissolves into sodium and chloride ions in water. Sugar dissolves in water, but does not dissociate into any ions. What effect do you think adding sugar to water would have on its freezing point? Can you design an experiment to test your hypothesis? Beyond Salt and Water Putting salt on water isnt the only time freezing point depression occurs. Any time you add particles to a liquid, you lower its freezing point and raise its boiling point. Another good example of freezing point depression is vodka. Vodka contains both ethanol and water. Ordinarily, vodka does not freeze in a home freezer. The alcohol in the water lowers the freezing point of the water. Sources Atkins, Peter (2006). Atkins Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0198700725.Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 557-558. ISBN 0-13-014329-4.

Multiple Sclerosis A Nervous System Disease That Affects...

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A Time To Step Down Essay Example For Students

A Time To Step Down Essay A Time to Step DownWhen the President of the United States is sworn into office on his inaugural day in January, he is sworn to faithfully execute the supreme laws of the land, our constitution. We elect a new President every four years to run our nation, represent the country, and uphold the constitution of the United States. The President of the United States is the most powerful man in the world and therefore we place trust in him. When the people find out that their elected President lies to them, a bond is broken. That bond is impossible to replace and therefore the president must be impeached or resign. In 1974 the Nation witnessed its first president to resign from office. Due to the mounting evidence of President Nixon role in the 1973 Watergate scandal, (burglars broke in to the National Democratic Headquarters.) Richard Nixon resigned from office, his resignation August 8th due to proof on the following charges including obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential power, and the refusal to obey house subpoenas. Did Richard Nixon resign because he knew that he lost the faith of the Republican Party and most important of all, American people? The American people felt that they were lied to, because of the President denying all charges brought against him. Nixon did the right thing by stepping down and letting the country move on. Richard Nixon saved himself the embarrassment of impeachment hearings and the country more humiliation. Today, once again, a new scandal has broken out in the White House and that is the Monica Lewinsky affair. The story broke out on January 7th and the public was shocked. Many people did not know what to believe because of the nature of the incident. The incident was to be blown into something that was to embarrass a nation for years to come undoubtedly. President Clinton denied having an affair with Ms. Lewinsky for seven months. When asked once if he had an affair, Clinton responded I did not have sexual relations with that woman. He fooled everyone, he lied to the world, lied to his own country. President Clinton lied to our faces. Clinton did not just lie to our faces but also lied under oath about his relations with Ms. Lewinsky. In my opinion he is not to be trusted anymore and he needs to resign immediately. Alone with the lying under oath offense, Clinton also faces other charges including some of those similar to that of the Watergate scandal including obstruction of justice, tampering with witnesses, and abuse of power. This is the man who also took oath an on the Bible to execute these laws with the help of God and all he has done is embarrass the nation and himself. The President has lost his integrity by doing something so stupid that causes everyone to wonder if he has lied about something so petty, what else has he lied about? Why should we go on and trust Bill Clinton? What reason due we have to keep that man in office if he has lied to our faces? The President needs to step down and let the country move on to 21st century with a clear moral conscious that we have seemed to have lost in this incident. If he does not step down, we need to impeach the president to convey a message: in the United States you will be punished for your crimes no matter who you are. The bottom line is that if you commit a crime in any sort you must face the consequences.